自由って何でしょう。
人間が遥か昔から考えてきた普遍的な問題です。
当為
今回はこの自由について、エピクテートス、スピノザ、デカルト、ルソーの４人の哲学者の意見を参考にしながら考えていきたいと思います。
もくじ
自由についての解釈
➀ 自由とは運命に逆らわないこと（エピクテートス）
自由を巡る究極の答えの一つが、運命に逆らわないこと。
全てを受け入れてしまえば不自由は消滅し、究極の自由を手に入れることができます。
このような考え方をしたのは、古代ギリシアの哲学者・エピクテートスです。
彼は自制心や忍耐力を鍛える禁欲主義・ストア派の哲学者。
自由とは、自然の摂理によって生じる物事に同意することであると説き、思い通りにならないことも全て受け入れることで真の自由を手に入れられるとしました。
➁ 自由とは好きなようにすることではない（スピノザ）
自由とは強制されないこと＝自分の好きなようにできることと考える方も多いのではないでしょうか。
しかしそれは厳密には自由であるとは限らないと考えたのはスピノザです。
スピノザはその著書『神学・政治論』でこのように述べています。
奴隷とは、命令に従って行動する者であり、自由な人間とは、喜びに従って行動する者。
しかし、後者は真に自由であるとは言えない。
なぜなら実際には、自らの喜びにとらわれるということが、最悪な隷属状態だからである。
つまり、自分の好きなようにするということは、心地よさや快適さに従っている状態であり、自由ではないというのです。
ではスピノザの考える自由とは何なのでしょうか。
それを知りたいところですが、実はスピノザは、自由とは何かということを論じていないのです。
というのも彼は、自由の存在自体を否定しているのです。
スピノザの著書『エチカ』にはこうあります。
自然には、偶然なものは何もない。
すべては神的な自然の必然性によって規定されている。
つまりスピノザは、人間も自然の摂理、すなわち神の一部であり、すべてがそのルールによって動かされているのであって、そもそも人間に自由は存在しないと考えるのです。
このことを言い表した彼の有名な例えに投石の話があります。
ある人が石を投げたとします。
人から見れば、その石はあくまでも人によって投げられた存在。
しかし石にもし自由意志があれば、自分の力で飛んでいると思っているでしょう。
お分かりかと思いますが、ここで出てくる人とは神、石とは人間を表しています。
このようにしてスピノザは、人間に自由などないと説いたのです。
当為
ホッブズの社会契約論。その生涯とホッブズ哲学の新しさから迫る。
自由の程度（デカルト）
自由には程度があると説いたのは、「我思う故に我あり」で有名なデカルトです。
彼は自由の程度には、意思の力が関わっていると考えました。
どれに決めてもよいとき、それは最も程度の低い自由であり、反対に大きな決断を前にしているとき、それは最も程度の高い自由であると言うのです。
つまり自由度の高さは、選択肢の多さではなく、自分の意志がどれだけ働いているかどうかで決まるということ。
人から決められるのではなく、やりたいという自分の意志が働くほど、自由があると説いたのです。
意思を持っている＝自由であること。
さきほどのスピノザは人間の自由意志すら否定しましたが、意思と自由には大きな繋がりがあることが見て取れます。
法律で守られる自由（ルソー）
「生まれながらの自由」と「法による自由」を区別することが重要だと説いたのはルソーです。
彼は、もし社会に法がなかったら、強者による弱者の破壊が起こり、強者はさらに強く、弱者はさらに弱くなると考えました。
生まれながらの自由が横行すると不平等を招くのです。
社会には約束事が必要と考えた彼は、社会契約という形で法によって自由を約束しました。
その内実は、公共の利益を優先し、万人の自由を平等に保護すること。
当時としては再先端の民主主義の理論でした。
まとめ
自由は衝突し、制限される。
少し自由に対する私の意見を述べてみます。
自由には時にそれら同士が衝突する場合があります。
例えば、「行動の自由」と「自己保存の自由」。
ある人がある人を殺そうとした場合、殺す側の何をしてもよいという行動の自由と、殺される側の生きながらえる自己保存の自由がぶつかります。
こういった場合、そもそも生きていなければ意思もなくそして自由もないので、優先されるべきは自己保存の自由かとは思います。
しかし、殺人の善悪の判断はさておき、ここでは確かに一つの自由が制限されているのです。
このように、自由同士は時に衝突し制限されていくため、エピクテートスが言うようなまさに悟りに似た状況にでもなりえない限り、自由は存在しえないと考えます。
最後に
あなたの考える自由は、誰の考えに最も近いですか？
そして誰の考えに最も遠いですか？
当為
最後まで閲覧して頂きありがとうございました。
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