ソクラテス以前の哲学者たち、タレス・アナクシマンドロス・アナクシメネスの３人についてまとめてみました。
この時代の哲学者たちは、直接その思想に触れることが非常に困難です。
残っているのはそのテクストの一部分か、後の哲学者たちが引用した断片や伝記のみとなっています。
当為
今回はイオニア学派の３人が、それぞれ万物の根源は水・際限のないもの・空気と考えた思想の流れを書いていきたいと思います。
イオニア学派
ギリシア文化の中心は、➀小アジアから➁南イタリア、そして➂ギリシア本土へと移っていきます。
この３つの地方ごとに、活躍した哲学者を紹介していきましょう。
まずは➀小アジア。ここでは紀元前６世紀～紀元前５世紀頃にかけて哲学の祖とされるタレスや、アナクシマンドロス、アナクシメネスなどが活躍しました。
彼らは➀小アジアの中のイオニア地方で活動したため、イオニア学派と呼ばれています。
タレス
タレス
最初の自然科学者であり、哲学の祖とも言われているタレス。
後世の哲学者アリストテレスは、タレスについてこう記しています。
最初に哲学に携わった人たちの大部分は、もっぱら素材のかたちのものだけを、万物の元のものとして考えた。
（中略）
まず、このような哲学者の創始者たるタレスは、水がそれであると言っている。
アリストテレス『形而上学』より引用。
アリストテレスが述べたように、タレスは「万物の根源は水である」としました。
なぜなら水は種子の発芽を促したり、その湿り気によって生物を養うから。
しかし、この「水」は万物の単なる物質的な原因ではありません。
当時、世界の構造は、水の上に大地が浮かんでいる状態と考えられていました。
つまり、水が基盤となってすべてが浮かんでいるということ。
こうしたことから水とは、生物・無生物を問わず、万物を動かす力であり原理であるとタレスは考えました。
タレス
当為
アナクシマンドロス
アナクシマンドロス
タレスの弟子であり、後継者であるアナクシマンドロス。
彼の思想については次のようにあります。
存在する諸事物にとって、生成がそこからなされる源となる、それらのものへと消滅もまた必然に従ってなされる。
なぜなら、それらの諸事物は、互いに、時の定めに従って、不正に対する罰を受け償いをすることになるからである。
ディールス・クランツ編『ソクラテス以前哲学者断片集』より引用。
簡単に言ってしまえば、「生成」には「消滅」も必然的になされるということ。
万物の根源から生まれたものは、やがて死んで再び源へと返っていくのです。
アナクシマンドロスは、この「生成」と「消滅」のように、この世界を相反するもののペアで説明しました。
例えば、昼と夜・熱と冷・乾と湿など。
これらのものがお互いに入り込んだり、入れ替わったりしてこの世界はできていると考えました。
では、これら世界を構成している「相反するもののペア」の根源とは何なのでしょうか。
アナクシマンドロスは、万物の根源は絶対的で唯一無二でなくてはならないと考えました。
なぜなら、水や火など、物質としての側面をもつものは相対的です。
よって、万物の根源としては確実ではなく、あらゆるものごとの根源を抽出することが必ずしも可能であるとは言えません。
万物の根源は、あらゆる物質性・質料を超える無尽蔵でなくてはならない。つまり、質的に無限性・無限定・無規定のものであると考えたのです。
したがってアナクシマンドロスは、万物の根源は「際限のないもの」であるとしました。
アナクシマンドロス
当為
アナクシメネス
アナクシメネス
アナクシマンドロスの弟子であるアナクシメネス。
彼の思想については次のようにあります。
アナクシメネスもまた、基体となる原質を単一にして無限なるものであると主張するが、しかしアナクシマンドロスのようにそれを無限定なものとはしないで、規定されたものであるとして、空気がそれであると語った。
同上より引用。
アナクシマンドロスが万物の根源とした「際限のないもの」。
アナクシメネスは、その匿名性・超越性を、経験的検証が可能な実在の世界へと引き戻したのです。
そこで、アナクシマンドロスの「際限のないもの」の無限性・無規定性を兼ね備え、且つ現実に存在する物質であると考えられたのが「空気」。
なぜなら「空気」は、さまざまに変化するからです。
静止した状態では無色透明で見えません。
しかし、例えば揺れる木を見て風を認識するように、運動の状態では見えるようになります。
また、空気は薄くなるほどに熱を帯び、やがて火に変化。反対に濃くなると冷えて水になり、やがて土になるとしていました。
このようなことから、アナクシメネスは空気が万物の根源であると考えました。
彼は万物を空気という単一の基体で説明しています。これはつまり、すべての差異を量的なものとみなしていて、質的な差異は存在しないということ。
われわれの魂は空気であり、それがわれわれを統括しているように、コスモス（宇宙）全体をプネウマ（風・息）と空気が包括している。
同上より引用。
そしてアナクシメネスは、空気＝魂＝息（生命原理）と考えていました。
アナクシメネス
当為
まとめ
タレスは、アリストテレスいわく “哲学の創始者” 。水とは万物を動かす力であり原理であると考えました。
その弟子であるアナクシマンドロスは、相反するもののペアでこの世界はできているとしました。万物の根源は唯一絶対である「際限のないもの」と考えました。
そのまた弟子であるアナクシメネスは、無限性・無規定と実在を兼ね備えた空気が万物の根源であると考えました。
最後に
当為
最後まで閲覧して頂きありがとうございました。
続きの記事はこちら。
南イタリア クセノパネス・ピタゴラス・ヘラクレイトス ソクラテス以前の哲学者たち２
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