今回はヘラクレイトスの生涯と思想について簡単にお話ししたいと思います。
当為
ヘラクレイトス
ヘラクレイトスは、ソクラテスよりもさらに前の時代の哲学者。
万物流転説が有名だったり、私生活では牛糞にまみれて亡くなったりというエピソードばかりが注目されてしまうのですが、それらは現在の研究では事実と異なるとされています。
今回はそのような問題について言及しながら、とにかくわかりやすく！ヘラクレイトスの思想の根幹に迫っていきたいと思います。
もくじ
ヘラクレイトスの生涯
ヘラクレイトスはエフェソスで生まれ、古い貴族の家系出身であったと推測されています。
正確な生年月日は不明ですが、紀元前６世紀末に盛年であったとされ、彼の主要な哲学的活動は紀元前４８０年頃まで続いたと見られています。
彼は非常に高慢で、人を見下すような態度をとっていたと言われ、同胞市民たちとは不仲であったそうです。
思想についても難解で、わざとわかりづらい書き方をして、考える者や本当に知識を探求する者にしかわからないようにしていました。
牛糞に埋もれて死んだって本当なの？
当為
Google検索で「ヘラクレイトス」って入力すると、関連ワードに「う○こ」って出るのですが…
ヘラクレイトス
ヘラクレイトスに関するエピソードの一つに、こんなものがあります。
人間嫌いのヘラクレイトスは、世間から遠く離れた山中で草や木の葉を食べて生活していました。
しかしそれが原因で水腫に罹ってしまい、町へ降りて医者にこう謎かけをしました。
「多雨から日照りにすることができるか。」
ところが医者たちにはまったく意味が通じませんでした。
仕方なく彼は牛の堆肥中に身を埋めて、堆肥熱で体内の水分を蒸発させようとしました。
しかしながらその方法はうまくいかず、彼は６０歳でその生涯を閉じました。
当為
ただこのエピソードは、彼の高慢な語調を気に入らなかった著作家の悪意から、彼を笑いものにするためにねつ造されたものと言われています。
ヘラクレイトス
当為
ヘラクレイトスは「万物流転」とは言ってない？
世間で最も知られているヘラクレイトスの思想はおそらく「万物は流転する（パンタ・レイ）」でしょう。
彼の名を知らなくとも、この言葉は聞いたことがあるという方もいるかもしれません。
ヘラクレイトス
しかし正確には、この言葉はヘラクレイトス自身のものではありません。
後世の哲学者のプラトンが、その著作の中で「万物は流転する」という見解を強調して使用したことから、ヘラクレイトス自身の言葉として認知されていったと言われています。
プラトンやアリストテレスは、先人たちの思想を正しく客観的に解釈しようということにはあまり関心がありませんでした。
ソフィストなどによって歪曲されたヘラクレイトスの思想がプラトンに伝わり、加えてアリストテレスがプラトンによる流転説解釈をさらに推し進めてしまったというわけです。
当為
ヘラクレイトス
万物は流転する。しかし、それらを統一するような絶対に変わらないものがある、ということじゃ。
人間は同じ川に二度と足を踏み入れることができない
という言葉を残しています。
しかし同時に、それらを統一するものの存在に着目していて、むしろそちらのほうが重要と考えていました。
ではその、「絶対に変わらないもの」とは一体何なのでしょうか。
ヘラクレイトスの思想
絶対に変わらないもの、ロゴス（logos）
ヘラクレイトスは、この世界の全ての物を統制するのはロゴス（logos）であると言います。
ロゴス（logos）とは？
ロゴス（logos）とは非常に多くの意味を持つ古典ギリシア語の単語です。
よく使われる意味を上げると…
言葉・割合・比・法則・理性・御言葉（イエス・キリストの言葉）etc.
ヘラクレイトス
一言でいえば、ヘラクレイトスの言うロゴスとは、均衡をもたらす統制原理。
では具体的にそのロゴスをイメージしやすくするために、ヘラクレイトスの宇宙論について見ていきます。
ヘラクレイトスの宇宙論
ヘラクレイトス
ヘラクレイトスが考える宇宙は「永遠に燃える火」。
この「火」には、
- 宇宙を構成する物質的側面
- 宇宙全体としての秩序「ロゴス」の非物質的側面
が共働しています。
イメージとしては、こんな感じ。
ダイナミックに燃え転化する火＝宇宙。
その内部では、大地から海を経てアイテール（大気）へと上昇する動きと、アイテール（大気）から海を経て大地へと降下する動きとが、絶えず同じ割合で転化し続けています。
つまり、絶えず激しく変化していながら、全体としては常に均衡を保ち続けているのです。
こうした均衡をもたらす統制原理こそがロゴスなのです。
反対するものの間の調和と一致。
ヘラクレイトスの思想の中で、ロゴスにも関わる重要な説がもう一つあります。
それは、反対するもの同士の調和と一致です。
当為
どういうこと？？？
ヘラクレイトス
弓は、弦を反対方向へと引き合います。
このとき、対立し合う力同士の戦いが密かに展開されています。
その一方で、全体として弓は反対方向の力の均衡の上で、静かな調和の姿を見せているのです。
実は「弓」は古典ギリシア語でビオス、「命・生」もまた、アクセントは異なるもののビオスと言います。
これは争いや獣を狩るために使われ、「死」の道具である弓と、その死の反対である「生」が、やはり対立物の一致を見せているということを表しています。
当為
ヘラクレイトス
自己の探求
さて、これまでロゴスについてお話してきましたが、宇宙を統べるロゴスを自己の内奥へと探求していく方向性がヘラクレイトスにはあります。
大宇宙の原理を、小宇宙である私たちの心のうちに探ろうとする試みがここから始まるのです。
哲学史的に見ると、探求の対象として自分自身が初めて登場したのがヘラクレイトスだと言われています。
当為
ヘラクレイトス
まとめ
ヘラクレイトスの生涯
ヘラクレイトスの思想
当為
ヘラクレイトス
最後に
ヘラクレイトスの著作や言葉は、現在では断片的にしか残っていませんが、ソクラテス以前の哲学者たちの中では非常に研究の進んだ哲学者の1人であり、ハイデガーやニーチェなども彼の思想について言及しています。
彼の思想の断片は、短いフレーズの中に様々な意味を含有していて、一度読んだだけではなかなか何を言いたいのかが浮かび上がってきません。
それだけに、その意味が理解できた時は、謎が解けたような爽快な気持ちと、その思想の奥深さに魅了されます。
当為
参考文献
内山 勝利 編 ソクラテス以前哲学者断片集〈第1分冊〉
廣川 洋一 ソクラテス以前の哲学者
最後まで閲覧して頂きありがとうございました。
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